On the Nature and the Treatment of Animals
نویسنده
چکیده
a p p r e h e n d s b u t d o e s n o t a p p r e h e n d t h i s s h a p e i n a w a y t h a t i s c o m p l e t e l y i n d e p e n d e n t f r o m m a t e r i a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h e p r o c e s s o f a b s t r a c t i o n i n i n c o m p l e t e s i n c e t h e c a t o n l y k n o w s t h i s s h a p e a s i t c h a r a c t e r i z e s a p a r t i c u l a r o b j e c t a n d n o t i n g e n e r a l . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e c a t c o u l d n o t k n o w h i s o w n e r a t a l l i f h e h a d t o r e c e i v e h e r i n t o h i m s e l f i n h e r e n t i r e p h y s i c a l b e i n g . I t i s n e c e s s a r y , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e c a t b e t o s o m e e x t e n t i m m a t e r i a l , l i k e t h e s h a p e w h i c h h e a b s t r a c t s . 1 4 A q u i n a s a l l o w s a n i m a l s t h e a b i l i t y t o t h i n k c e r t a i n k i n d s o f t h o u g h t s " b e c a u s e o f t h e n e e d f o r a c t i o n . " 1 5 I f a n a n i m a l w e r e n o t a b l e t o t h i n k i n a n y w a y , i t w o u l d b e d i f f i c u l t t o s e e h o w i t c o u l d l e a r n a n y t h i n g o r a p p l y i t s o w n a c t i o n s w i t h s o m e k n o w l e d g e o f w h a t w i l l r e s u l t . F o r e x a m p l e , s t a t i n g t h a t d o l p h i n s " h a v e b e e n s h o w n t o b e c a p a b l e o f r e l a t i v e l y a b s t r a c t t h i n k i n g , " a n i m a l r e s e a r c h e r s t e l l o f a n e x p e r i m e n t i n w h i c h d o l p h i n s w e r e t r a i n e d t o p e r f o r m a M Y £ . t r i c k f o r a r e w a r d o f f i s h . " A f t e r s e v e r a l d a y s o f t r a i n i n g t h e y e x h i b i t e d e v e r y d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f l e a p s a n d c o n t o r t i o n s , a p p a r e n t l y ' r e a l i z i n g ' t h a t t h e f o r m s o f b e h a v i o r t h e y h a d d i s p l a y e d p r e v i o u s l y w o u l d n o t b e r e w a r d e d . " 1 6 T h e p r o c e s s b y w h i c h t h e d o l p h i n s c o m e t o r e g a r d a l l n e w t r i c k s a s m e r i t i n g r e w a r d s o f f i s h i s t h e w a y i n w h i c h h u m a n c o n c e p t u a l k n o w l e d g e a r i s e s a n d f r o m w h i c h v e r y b a s i c c o n c e p t s a r e d i r e c t l y d e v e l o p e d . 1 7 I n a d d i t i o n t o p e r c e i v i n g i n d i v i d u a l r e w a r d s , t h e d o l p h i n s m u s t b e a b l e t o a b s t r a c t f r o m i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s , f o r m a g e n e r a l c o n c e p t a n d a p p l y t h i s c o n c e p t t o p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n s . H a v i n g n o n e e d f o r v e r b a l e x p r e s s i o n , t h e d o l p h i n s r e a c h e d a c o n c l u s i o n v e r y m u c h l i k e t h e p r o p o s i t i o n " A l l n e w t r i c k s i s s u e i n r e w a r d s . " A q u i n a s ' t w o g e n e r a l d i v i s i o n s o f t h e s e n s e s i n b o t h h u m a n b e i n g s a n d a n i m a l s , e x t e r n a l a n d i n t e r n a l , s u p p l i e s a f u r t h e r l i n k b e t w e e n h u m a n a n d a n i m a l l i f e . A q u i n a s , d i s c u s s i n g t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e e x t e r n a l o r g a n s ,
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